Amateur Teacher: June 2012

A: Physics

1: Physical Quantities, Standards and Units

1.1:Unit of Length

1.2:Unit of Mass

1.3:Unit of Time

2:Mechanics and Properties of Matter

2.1:Motion

2.2 Force

2.3 Newton's Laws of Motion

2.4 Impulse

2.5 Work, Power and Energy

2.6 Moment of a Force

2.7 Centre of Gravity

2.8 Machines

2.9 Artificial Satellites

2.10 Density and Relative Density

2.1 I Pressure

2.12 Upthrust

2.13 Hydrometer

2.14 Matter and its Properties

2.15 Motion of Fluids—Bernoulli Theorem

3:Heat

3.1 Internal Energy

3.2 Thermal Expansion

3.3 Transmission of Heat

3.4 Quantity of Heat

3.5 Change of State

3.6 Relative Humidity

3.7 Air Conditioning

3.8 Pressure Cooker

IV Wave Motion A22

V Electromagnetic Radiation A23

5.1 Radio and Television Transmission A23

5.2 Radar A23

5.3 Microwave Oven A23

VI Light A24

6.1 Rectilinear Propagation, Shadows and Eclipses A24

6.2 Reflection A24

6.3 Refraction A25

6.4 Total Internal Reflection A27

6.5 Dispersion All

6.6 Colour of Objects A27

6.7 Lenses A28

6.8 Eye A28

6.9 Optical Instruments A29

6.10 Scattering of Light A29
6. li Interference of Light A306.12 Diffraction of Light A31

VII Sound A30

7.1 Sound Characteristics A30

7.2 The Speed of Sound A32

7.3 Reflection of Sound, Echo A32

7.4 Ultrasonics A32

7.5 Bats and Ultrasound A33

7.6 Refraction of Sound A33

7.7 Resonance A33

7.8 Doppler Effect A33

7.9 Sonic Boom A34

VIII Magnetism A34

8. Earth's Magnetism A34

IX Static Electricity A34

9.1 Electricity by Friction A34

9.2 Insulators, Conductors, Superconductors and Semiconductors A35

Current Electricity

10. Effects of Electric Current A36

10.2 Power Generation and Traⁿs~ ss c

Domestic Electric hsta
10.4 Electric Light A38 10.5 Some Electronic Devices

IV Organisation of the Living Body

4.1 O-g" - Pa.its A//2

4.2 P!aH;-£5-e< - .'2

4.3 Mc-"c cf. ;-'~e^D'ant A//4

4.4 Orga->i: c- - A.--na-'s A//4

4.5 O-ga-s-; - i

V Nutrition

Al 16

5.1 Fooc—T"e ic_"6 c"'Energy AII6

5.2 Enzyr-.es -

5.3 Digest on .-,'

5.4 Nutnt,o",ai Rec_-e~ients Al 19

5.5 Energy Reqji^re~e"is A/20

5.6 Plant Nutrition -'20

5.7 Mineral Nun:.c-of Plants A/20

5.8 Photosynthes.s ~/2/

VI Respiration A122

6.1 Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration A/22

6.2 Respiration r Plants A/22

6.3 Respiration—Gaseous Exchange and Energy Production AI23

6.4 Respiratory Media AI23

6.5 Breathing Organs in Man A/23

6.6 The Breathing Mechanism AI24

6.7 Gaseous Exchange and Transport AI24

6.8 Cellular Respiration—An Energy-yielding Process A 124

VII The Transport System A124

7.1 Transport in Animals A124

7.2 Speaking of the Heart A124

7.3 Transport in Plants A126

VIII Excretion of Metabolic Wastes AI26

8.1 Nephron—The Structure and Functional Unit of Kidney A / 26

8.2 Urine Formation A/26

8.3 Acid-base Balance—The Kidneys as Blood pH Regulators A / 2 7

8.4 Kidney Diseases AI27

8.5 The Skin—Its Structure and Functions of Excretion and Temperature Regulation A127

IX Biocommunication A129

9.1 Nervous System .A/29 j

9.2 Nerve Impulse vsStimulus AI29 I

9.3 Physiology of Conduction of j Nerve Impulse A/29

9.4 Saltatory Nerve Conduction AI3Q

9.5 Transmission on Impulse Across

the Synapse A130 j

9.6 Neuromuscular Transmission AI3! \

9.7 The Endocrine System A132 |

X Muscle Movement (Contraction) A132

10.1 Ultrastructure of Skeletal Muscie ; Fibre A132 I

10.2 Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle [ Contraction A135 i

XI Skeletal System A135

I I.I Functions A135

11.2 Types of Bones A135

11.3 Divisions of the Skeletal System A135

11.4 Bone Movement and the Joints A(37

11.5 Clinical Application A/37

XII Reproduction—Perpetuation of |
the Species A138 |

12.1 Asexual Reproduction AI38 \

12.2 Sexual Reproduction A/38 j

12.3 Parthenogenesis in Animals A140

12.4 Reproduction in Plants AI4I

12.5 Parthenogenesis in Plants A142 j

Xill Plant Growth and Development AI42 j

13.1 Patterns of Growth A143

13.2 Control of Growth and Development A143

13.3 Growth and Turgor Movements in Plants A145

X!V Genetics—The Science of Heredity AI45

14.1 Gregor Mendel—Father of Genetics A145 |

14.2 Genotype and Phenotype A145 \ 14 3 Sex Chromosomes Ai 46

14.4 Sex-linked Inheritance A146

14.5 Man—The Heterogametic Sex A/46 J

14.6 Birds and Bees Don't Follow Man in Sex A146

14.7 The Gene A146 I

14.8 Linkage, Crossing Over, and Recombination of Genes A/47

14.9 Mutation A147

14.10 Blood Group Inheritance A/47

14.11 Rh Factor AI49

14.12 Molecular Biology of the Gene AI5014.1 3 Jumping Genes A153

14.14 Genetic Engineering A154

14.15 Genes and Cancer A156

14.16 DNA Finger Printing A/56

14.17 Cloning Individuals AI56

14.18 Human Genome Project A/57

XV Plant Diseases A158

15.1 Diseases and their Causative Agents A158

XVI Human Diseases and Defense
Mechanism A159

16.1 Human Diseases A/59

16.2 Communicable or Infectious Diseases A/60

16.3 Non-communicable or Non-infectious or Degenerative Diseases A / 64

16.4 Deficiency Diseases A / 65

16.5 Allergies A166

16.6 Cancer A166

16.7 Human Defense Mechanism A/66

XVII Environmental Biology—Organisms in
Relation to their Surroundings AI70

17.1 Ecology A170

17.2 Ecosystem AI 70

17.3 Food Chains and Food Webs AI71

17.4 The Physical Environment A171

17.5 Biomes AI 71

17.6 Environmental Types AI 72

17.7 Man and Environmental Pollution A/72

17.8 The Natural Ozone Layer A / 76

17.9 Ozone Destruction by Chloroflourocarbons A177

17.10 The Ozone Hole A/77

XVIII Origin and Evolution of Life AI77

18.1 Theory of Special Creation A/77

18.2 Theory of Spontaneous Generation A/7S

18.3 Chemosynthetic Origin of Life AI 78

18.4 Evolution of Life AI78

18.5 Evidences for Evolution A179

18.6 Evolution of Man A180

XJX Drug Abuse and Ateohoism

AI8I

A182

Husbandry

Zsrre AI82

S haloes A186

Goats A186

Sheep A190

20.6 20.7 20.8 20.9

Pigs A196

Camels A198

Poultry A199

Cross Breeding A20I

Artificial Insemination (A.I.) A20/

20.10 Animal Diseases A202

XXI Plants and Human Welfare A204

21.1 Introduction A204

21.2 Food Plants A204

21.3 Spices and Condiments A2IS

21.4 Fibre Plants A2I6

21.5 Beverage Plants A218

21.6 Masticatory and Fumitory Plants A2I9

21.7 Medicinal Plants A220

21.8 Bioinsecticides A221 Glossary A 222

Multiple-Choice Questions A228 Answers A282

Part 3: Chemistry

I Introduction A287

I. I Branches of Chemistry A287

1.2 The Importance of Chemistry A2S7

A288

II Matter and Its Nature

2.1 Classification A288

2.2 Composition of Earth A288

2.3 Elements A289

2 4 Compounds A289 2 5 Some Important Elements and Compounds A289

2.6 Matures A290

2.7 Avogadro's Hypothesis and Mole Concept A29/

A29I

III Kinetic Theory of Matter

IV Chemical Reactions and the

Chemical Equations A292

4.1 Balanc.ng Chemical Equations A292

4.2 Rate of Reaction A292

4.3 Energy Changes in Reactions A292

V Structure of the Atom A292

5.1 Dalton's Atomic Theory A292

5.2 Thomson's Atomic Model A293

5.3 Rutherford's Atomic Model A293

5.4 Modern Atomic Theory A293

5.5 Isotopes and Isobars A294

VI Periodic Table of Elements A294

6.1 Periodic Trends ^;n Properties A294

VII Chemical Bonding A295

7.1 Theories of Chemical Bonding A295

VIII Oxidation and Reduction A297

IX Oxygen and Air A297

9.1 Composition of Air A297

9.2 Air and Life A297

9.3 Respiration (Inhaled and Exhaled Air) A298

X Hydrogen and Water A298

10.1 Hydrogen A298

10.2 Isotopes of Hydrogen A298

10.3 Solubility and Solutions A299

10.4 Osmosis A299

10.5 Molar and Normal Solutions A299

10.6 Formality A299

10.7 Molality(m) A299

10.8 Mole Fraction A299

XI Carbon and Its Compounds A299

I I. I Allotropes of Carbon A300 I 1.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO) A300 I 1.3 Carbon Dioxide and the

Environment A300 I 1.4 Carbon Cycle in Nature and

Photosynthesis A300

11.5 Fuels A30I

11.6 Rocket Fuels A30I

11.7 Hydrocarbons A30I

XII Nitrogen and Its Compounds A302

12.1 Ammonia A302

12.2 Nitrogen Cycle A302

XIII Acids, Bases and Salts A303

13.1 Acids A303

13.2 Bases A303

13.3 Theories of Acids and Bases A303

13.4 Salts A303

13.5 pH A303

XIV Occurrence of Metals A304

14.1 Properties of Metals A304

14.2 Extraction of Metals A305

XV Petroleum and Natural Gas A30615 1 Uses of Various Fractions A306

15.2 Other Fractions A307

A307

XVI Iron and Stee!

i 6.1 Rusting of iron A307 16.2 Cement and Glass A307

XVII Colloids, Micelles and Nanotechnoiogy A307 !

17,1 Colloids and Colloidal State A307 j

i 7.2 Micelles—Associated Colloids A308 17.3 Emulsions A308 \

17.4 Gels A309 17.5 Applications of Colloids A309 !

17.6 Advanced Materials, Nanoscience I and Nanotechnoiogy A309

A310

XVIII Agricultural Chemistry

A3II

18.1 Chemical Control A310

18.2 Fertilizers A311

XIX Medicinal Chemistry

19.1 Diseases A311

19.2 Drugs A311

19.3 Common Drugs A313

XX Food Chemistry A314

20.1 Food Additives A314

20.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Beverages and Tobacco A314

XXI Biochemistry and Life Processes A314

21.1 Chemical Basis of Life A315

21.2 Biological Role of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium A316

21.3 Buffers A316

XXH Polymers and Plastics A317

22.1 Polymers A317

22.2 Plastics A317

22.3 Applications A317

22.4 Rubber A317

22.5 Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) A317

22.6 Petrochemicals A317

XXIII Electrochemistry A317

23.1 Electrolysis A318

23.2 Characteristics of Electrolysis A318

23.3 Applications of Electrolysis A318

XXIV Dyes A319

XXV Biotechnology A319

25.1 Introduction A319

25.2 Applications of Biotechnology A319

25.3 Fermentation Biotechnology A32I

XXVI International Symbols for Units A32I

26.1 The CGS System or cm-g-s A321

26.2 The MKSA System or m-kg-s-A A32/

26.3 The Degree Kelvin A322

26.4 International Systems of Units (Si-Units) A322

26.5 The Mole A322

XXVII Carbohydrates A322

27.1 Sugars A322

27.2 Polysaccharides A323

XXVIII Proteins and Nucleic Acids A324

28.1 Acidic and Basic Amino Acids A324

28.2 Amino Acids as Dipolar Ions A324

28.3 Peptides A324

28.4 Proteins A324

28.5 Structure of Proteins A32S

A325

XXIX Nucleoproteins and Nucleic Acids

A325

29.1 The Genetic Code A325

XXX Important Bioactive Compounds

30.1 Alkaloids A32S

30.2 Terpenoids A325

30.3 Steroids A326

30.4 Carotenoids A326

30.5 Tannins AJ26

30.6 Lignans A326

30.7 Flavonoids A326

30.8 Cynogenesis and Cynogenic Glycosides A326 Coumarins A326

A326

30.9

XXXI Fats

31.1

A327

Soaps

A327

XXXII Important Laws Governing Gases.
Liquids and Solutions

A329 A329

32.1 Gases A327

32.2 Colligative Preset as -J2 7

XXXIII Bioterrorism

XXXIV Thermodynamics

34.1 Thermodynamic Systems A329

34.2 Thermodynamic Processes A330

34.3 The Law of T^e'—x>o-a-cs -330

34.4 Thermodya.^-: ⁼:*£~a- -JJT

XXXV Important Concepts and Topics A13C

Glossary A334

Multiple-Choice Questions A343 Answers A363

Atomic Physics

INDIAN HISTORY

i hmmfcuumi B3

It reh&tooc Penoc! B3

c Age c- _irs i~r>-t£ -s^e 53

2.3 \eo tic o^r t^e \e.-. Sic"* ⁱ§e 5-*

2.4 Chatcolitnic Se~ e~-r~ 5-*

III Harappan Civilization (2700-1700 BC) B4

3.1 Origin Evoiutic" 5-

3.2 The Extent S5

3.3 Important Centres 55

3.4 Major Charactenst cs 55

3.5 Decline 87

IV South India B8

V Iron Age B8

VI TheVedicAge B8

6.1 The'Aryan'Problem 69

6.2 Early Vedic Society 89

6.3 The Later Vedic Period 8 / 2

6.4 Smriti Literature 8/6

6.5 Epics 8/6

VII Sixth Century BC to Fourth

Century BC BI7

7.1 Sources of Information 8/7

7.2 Emergence of New Social Groups 8/7

7.3 Polity 6/8

7.4 Emergence of Mahajanapadas 8/8

7.5 RiseofMagadh 8/9

7.6 Persian Invasion 820

7.7 Alexander's Invasion 820

7.8 Milieu of Religious Movements 820

VIII The Mauryas (321-185 BC) B24

8.1 Source Material 624

8.2 The Mauryan Conquests 824

8.3 Material Basis of the Mauryan Empire 824

8.4 Land Revenue 825

8.5 The Urban Economy 826

8.6 Society and Religion 827

8.7 Ashoka's Policy of Dhamma 828

8.8 Mauryan Administration 829

8.9 Relations with Other Powers 63/

8.10 The Downfall of the Mauryan Empire 83/
8.1 I Mauryan Art 632

IX India After the Mauryas (200 BC-AD 100) B32

9.1 Sources 832

9 2 The Sungas (i 85-74 BC) 633

9.3 Local Powers 833

9.4 North-western India 633

9.5 Impact of Central Asian Contacts 835

9.6 The Deccan 835

9.7 Sculptural Art 836

9.8 The Beginning of Hinduism 838

9.9 Buddhism 839

9.10 jainism 839

9.11 Craft, Trade and Towns 840

9.12 South lndia--The Sangam Age B41

X The Age of the Guptas B42

10.! Political Background B43

10.2 Chandragupta I 843

10.3 Samudragupta (AD 335-376) 643

10.4 Chandragupta II (AD 376-415) 843

10.5 Gupta Administration B44

10.6 Revenue Administration 844

10.7 Trade and Towns 844

10.8 Society 645

10.9 Art and Arcitecture 847

10.10 Literature 849

10.11 Science and Astronomy 849

XI The Age of Smaller Kingdoms B49

XII Harshavardhan (AD 606-647) B50

XIII The Post Harsha Period B50

13.1 North India 650

13.2 The Deccan andtheSouth

13.3 Administration 852

13.4 Art and Architecture 652

13.5 TheCholas 855

XIV Transfc mation of the Ancient Phase

(AD 50 800) B56

14.1 E-:₁₀my 656

14.2 T'-i Society 858

14.3 De.i oDtr'ents in Religion 859

XV Northern Inoia (750-1200) B60

15.1 Ong- z the Rajputs 860

15.2 Grovvf :'Regional Expression 86/

16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6

16.7 16.8 16.9

XVI The Delhi Sultanate (1200-1400) B6I16.1 The Slave I. . .,5 (1206 1290) B6/

865 865

The Khilj.s 1-.J-1 320) 863 TheTughtacS.-=ns(!320-l4l4) 863

14-5!) 1526)

jf the

Sultanate 865

The Sayyid L>. - 3_ > The Lodi Suttar.s Causes of the Dc •■■ -Delhi Sultanate The Administration Economy B67 Sources of Revenue

XVII The Post-Sultanate Period B69

17.1 Smaller Kingdoms that Arose - :~e Post-Sultanate Period 869

XVIII The Age of Vijayanagar and the
Bahmanis(l336-I565) B7I

18.1 The Bahmani Kingdom 87/

18.2 Vijayanagar Empire 872

18.3 Economy B74

18.4 Architecture 874

XIX Source Material I B75

19.1 Slave Sultans 875

19.2 The Khilji Period 675

19.3 TheTughlaqs 675

XX Religion B75

20.1 The Sufi Movement 875

20.2 The Bhakti Movement 876

20.3 Kabir and Nanak B76

XXI Influences on Architecture,

Painting and Music B76

21.1 Architecture 676

21.2 Painting and Music 878

XXII TheMughals B78

22.1 Babar (1526-1530) 678

22.2 Humayun(!530--I540) 878

22.3 Akbar (1556-1605) 880

22.4 jahangir (1605-1627) 883

22.5 Shah Jahan (1628-1658) B83

22.6 Aurangzeb(l658~l707) 883

XXIII TheMarathas B83

23.! Shivaji 883

23.2 System of Government 885

23.3 Aurangzeb and Maratha Power 885

XXIV Decline of the Mughal Empire B87

24.1 Causes for the Decline 887

24.2 Source Material II 888

XXV Cultural Developments during

the Mughal Era B89

25 I Architecture 889

25.2 Painting 889

25.3 Music 890

25.4 Literature 890

XXV! The Europeans in India B9I

26.1 The Portuguese 89/

26.2 The Dutch 89/

26.3 The English 892

XXVII British Expansion in India B92

27.1 The Carnatic Wars 892

27.2 The British Conquest of Bengal 892

27.3 Extension of British Influence (1765-1792) 894

27.4 British Expansion From 1798-1809 895

XXVIII Consolidation of British Power(1818-57) B95

28.! Burma 896

28.2 Afghanistan 896

28.3 Sindh 696

28.4 Punjab 896

25.2 Dalhousieandthe Policy of Annexation : 1848-56) B96

B96

896

XXIX British Policies and Administration

in India

29 3eve ooments in Britain and India 29.2 j,c z a System 8/00 29 3 Law and Order 8/02 29 4 A-my 8/03

29.5 Indian Civil Service 8/04

29.6 The Land Revenue System 8/05

29.7 Forest Laws 8/07

29.8 Trade and Industry 8/08

29.9 Legal Intervention in Socio-cultural Field 8/08

XXX Women's Movements and

Organisations B109

30.1 Government Intervention in Women's Issues Bl 10

XXXi Modern Education Bl 12

31.1 First Institutions Bl 12

31.2 Educational Policy 61/2

XXXII Social and Cultural Awakening in

the First Half of the 19th Century B112

32.1 Rammohun Roy and the Brahmo Samaj B//2

32.2 Young Bengal Movement BII3

32.3 Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar BII3

XXXIII The Revolt of 1857 and its
Consequences B117

33.1 Causes Bl 17

33.2 The Revolt Bl 17

33.3 Reasons for Failure B//7

XXXIV Reorganisation of the British Empire

in India Bl 17

34.1 Indian Councils Act of 1861 BII8

34.2 Changes in the Army Bl 18

34.3 British Policy Towards Princely

States S ' .-' 3

XXXV The Economic Impact of British Rule Bl 19

35.1 impoverishment of the Peasantry Bl 19

35.2 Ruin of Artisans and Craftsmen B//9

35.3 Development of Transport and

Trade 8 i / 9

35.4 Development of Modern Industries

Up To 1947 Bl 19

BI20

XXXVI Social and Religious ReformMovements in the Later Half
of the 19th Century

8/2/

36.1 Arya Samaj BI20

36.2 Ramakrishna and Vivekananda

36.3 Theosophical Society BI2I

36.4 Sayyid Ahmad Khan and the Aligarh School B/22

36.5 Sociai Reform B/22

36.6         Cultural Awakening   B/22
Chronology of Principal Events   BI23
References   Bl 26
Muitilple-Choice Questions   BI27
Answers    B/77

Atomic Structure A39 I 1.2 Emission of Radiation A39

XII Nuclear Physics

12 Radioactivity A40

A42

12.2 Nuclear Energy A4I

12.3 Fundamental Particles A4I

12.4 Fundamental Interaction A42

XIII Astronomy and Space Science

A49

13.1 Celestial Bodies A42

13.2 Solar System A43

13.3 Important Types of Satellites A47

13.4 Space Probes A47

14.2

14.3

14.4

14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9

XIV Computers and Internet

14.1 Computers—Introduction A49 Representation of Information Inside Computers A49 The Basic Component of the Computer: The Flip-flop ASO Mathematical Operations Using Computers A50

Logical Operations Using Computers A5 i Computer Architecture AS I Programs A54 Software A54 Uses of Computers ASS

14.10 Internet—Introduction A56

14.11 Internet—The Concept AS6

14.12 Network Protocol A57 14.1 3 IP Addresses: Unique Internet

Addresses for Computers A57

14.14 Client-Server Model AS7

14.15 Services Rendered over the Internet A57 4.16 Interactive Webpages A59

S^-nmary A59 G zssary A60

*>'u : O'e-Choice Questions A6S Ansae's A 94

Part 2: Biosciences: Botany and Zoology

I The Study of Life

1.1 Intrcc-ct-or A96

1.2 Branc-esof B.ology A97

1.3 Living a-.a tne Non-living AI0I

II Ce>—The Basic Unit of Life