The Delhi Sultanate-7 History CBSE

. Which ruler first established his or her capital at Delhi?

Answer: Ananga Pala (Tomaras) of the Rajput Dynasty first established his capital at Delhi.

2. What was the language of administration under the Delhi Sultans?

Answer: The language of administration under the Delhi Sultans was Persian.

3. In whose reign did the Sultanate reach its farthest extent?

Answer: During the reign of Muhammad Tughluq, the Sultanate reached its farthest extent and had marched across a large part of the subcontinent. They defeated the rival armies and seized several cities. The Sultanate also collected taxes from the peasantry and dispensed justice in its realm.

4. From which country did Ibn Battuta travel to India?

Answer: Ibn Battuta was a fourteenth-century traveler who came to India from Morocco, Africa.

5. According to the “circle of justice”, why was it important for military commanders to keep the interests of the peasantry in mind?

Answer: According to the “circle of justice”, it was important for military commanders to keep the interests of the peasantry in mind, because the salaries of the military commanders came from the revenue collected from peasants. But the peasants were able to pay their revenue only when they were prosperous and happy. Thus, the military commanders promoted justice and honest governance.

6. What is meant by the “internal” and “external” frontiers of the Sultanate?

Answer: The “internal” frontiers of the Sultanate means the consolidation of the hinterlands of the garrison towns. During these campaigns, forests were cleared in the Ganga-Yamuna doab and hunter-gatherers and pastoralists were expelled from their habitat and these lands were handed over to the peasants. They also promoted regional trade through the establishment of New fortresses and garrison towns.

The “external” frontiers of the Sultanate meant the military expeditions into southern parts of India, which started during the reign of Alauddin Khalji and ended with the reign of Muhammad Tughluq.

7. What were the steps taken to ensure that muqtis performed their duties? Why do you think they may have wanted to defy the orders of the Sultans?

Answer: The muqtis or iqtadar was a military commander appointed by the Khalji and Tughlug monarchs as governors of territories of varying sizes. These lands were called ‘Iqta’. The duties of the muqtis were as follows:

a. To lead military campaigns and maintain law and order in their iqtas.

b. The muqtis had to collect the revenues of their assignments as salary in exchange for their military services and had to pay their soldiers from these revenues.

c. Control over muqtis was most effective if their office was not inheritable and if they were assigned iqtas for a short period of time before being shifted.

d. Accountants were appointed by the state to check the amount of revenue collected by the muqtis. Care was taken that the muqti collected only the taxes prescribed by the state and that they kept the required number of soldiers.

8. What was the impact of the Mongol invasions on the Delhi Sultanate?

Answer: Mongol attacks on the Delhi Sultanate increased during the reign of Alauddin Khalji and in the early years of Muhammad Tughluq’s rule. Both Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq constructed a new garrison town for their soldiers and collected tax from lands between the Ganga and Yamuna to keep the soldiers fed. Alauddin chose to pay his soldiers in cash rather than iqtas, whereas Muhammad Tughluq used a token currency made out of cheap metals.

The Delhi Sultans Summary

The NCERT Class 7 Our Pasts-II Chapter 3 talks about the following topics:

1. The Rulers of Delhi
2. Finding out about the Delhi Sultans
3. Expansion of the Delhi Sultanate
4. Administration under the Khaljis and Tughluqs
5. The Sultanates during the 15th and 16th centuries

Our Pasts-II is an important book for Class 7 Social Science subject. Apart from this chapter, the full set of NCERT Solutions for Class 7 Social Science is given in the linked article.

Sc: Chem : Acid, Base and Salt

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The Language of Chemistry

Points to Remember

* A symbol is an abbreviation of the name of an element.

• A symbol represents an element and an atom of the element.

* The formula of an element or a compound represents a molecule of the element or compound. It gives the

number(s) of atoms of the same or different elements present in the molecule.

* Noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton and xenon) are monoatomic, whereas hydroken, en

oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine and lodine are diatomie. Ozone (O, ) is a triatomic gas.

A 2.. The capacity of an element to combine with other elements is known as its valency.

• The formula of a compound containing two elements is obtained by transposing their valencies.

• Some elements like Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), lead (Pb). phosphorus (P) and sulphur(S) have variable valency,

• A group of atoms of two or more elements, which behaves like a single atom and has a valeney, is known

as a compound radical.

• Chemical changes are represented by chemical equations.

• The number of atoms of each element on the reactant side must be the same as that on the product side

An equation that satisfies this rule is called a balanced chemical equation

How to Study for Civils by Sh. Tukaram Mundhe, IAS

How to Study for Civils by Sh. Tukaram Mundhe, IAS

Welcome to the world of competitive examination! You will see all the drama from failure to success, moment of and annuity, disappointment, ecstasy and much more. If you have to be one amongst successful candidate, be ready to face all these challenges.

After all successful candidates are common human beings like all of us, but with a difference. The difference being the adoption of the right strategy and correct approach for the preparation of civil services.

What are the right strategy and correct approach for the preparation of civil services?

Is It differs from the general approach followed by a majority of the aspirants? Is it really difficult to adopt such approach? All these and many more questions will naturally crop up in your mind.

It is an ideal situation to begin the preparation of civil services at the graduation level. But most of the time, it is not the case. Therefore, the best alternative is to begin the preparation of civil services immediately after the completion of graduation.
The preparation of civil services must begin one year in advance i.e.. If one contemplates writing civil service examination in 2019, preparation must begin in June 2018, “ Well begin in half done”, strategy must be followed. One must not follow the general approach of first ready general books, preparation for the preliminary examination, then for mains followed by interview. This is not an appropriate approach to follow, because this approach is disintegrated whereas the preparation of civil services must be done in an integrated manner. The objective of the preparation is to quality for IAS / IFS/ IPS and nothing else one must prepare by keeping this objective as goal. Therefore, aim should not be of qualifying preliminary or mains or getting selected, but to achieve rank which will make youIAS / IFS/ IPS and nothing else.

You must begin with the study of syllabi for both preliminary and main examination, which rarely happens, Generally, the reading of syllabi takes places and not the study of it. This is the first major mistake committed by aspirants.
The study of syllabi is an integral part of the preparation of civil service, which may be neglected at the cost of dire consequences of not getting selected.

The next step is crucial, which will determine your success or failure to a greater degree. Immediately after studying syllabi, aspirants startcollecting the list books to be referred and start reading those books. Aspirants read the number of books and are happy for doing so after reading books on many occasions, aspirant feels that he is prepared for writing the examination, which is actually an illusion.

After studying syllabi, the next logical step is to study (not read) question papers. One may take time of about twenty days for studying question papers. This is very essential because one gets an idea about the nature and types of questions asked on different topics. One can also realize, how the question is framed on different topics how to go about the preparation of civil services. This is actually the beginning of the preparation of civil services, which is either neglected or skipped by the majority of aspirants.

After studying the question papers, one must go for basic reading. The basic reading means the reading of essential books like NCERT, subject wise books. Majority of the aspirants will think only this as the preparation, which is the wrong impression. The is just another step towards preparation.

After reading the basic books, an aspirant must study the question papers topic and subtopic wise, the listing of question on topic and subtopic wise, Furthermore, one must frame the possible questions which can be asked topic/subtopic wise. this will make you understand the scope of the topic. This helps in preparation of answers for those questions, not leaving any area of the topic/subtopic.

Once this analysis is done, next step is to write the answers of those questions writing of complete answer is the key to success.

Therefore, while preparing for the examination, writing of answers is most important and most crucial task writing answer of each and every question, topic/subtopic wise, is itself preparation of notes.

What do I mean by complete answers? It means writing a well-structured answer which well encompasses all the components, which are asked for in the questions. The general tendency is to write complete information and consider it as a complete answer, which is wrong in itself. It is a partial or incomplete answer.

Writing of complete information is just one part of the answer among many parts. Naturally one gets the marks which are allocated to information part. Therefore writing of complete answers is crucial for obtaining complete marks.

For writing complete answers one must know what are the parts of answers parts of answers range from the minimum of three to maximum of seven, The simple straightforward question will have three parts and the most critical question will have seven parts of the answer. If one writes all the parts, one obtains very good marks. Therefore, strategy must be to write best answer for best marks. The best answer means the complete answer.

Once answers are written, on every topic and subtopic, revising those is essential after the preliminary examination.

Hence preparation must begin in June with the main examination. Till December, One optional ( preferably second optional ) and General Studies must be complete from mains point of view.
The preparation of preliminary examination must begin in second half of December. This preparation must also be on the same lines of main studying of question papers must be followed by basic reading. This must follow by analysis of question papers on topic wise.

The nature, type, and number of question asked on every topic must be analyzed. Your preparation must progress along these lines. So solving past question papers is an essential aspect of the preparation of the preliminary examination.

Once the preliminary examination is over. The preparation of the main examination, must being in right earnest. the preparation must begin with the optional. One must not neglect General studies. General Studies and both the optional must be ready by the time of declaration of preliminary result. After results, the revision must be done vigorously.

The strategy in the examination is to keep cool, avoiding both anxiety or distress write a minimum number of answers required. these answers must be best, which will fetch best marks. After the main examination, preparation for an interview must begin within one month. By the time results of main examination are declared, one must be ready to face interview.

If preparation is rigorous and on scientific lines, as enplaned, nothing in this world will prevent you from achieving your goal of becoming IAS / IFS/IPS

The post How to Study for Civils by Tukaram Mundhe IAS appeared first on Syskool.

Healthy Eating

You want to eat healthfully, but what's the best way to do it? Some of today's popular diets say to cut sugar while others restrict fat. With so many diet books and bloggers, it can be easy to become confused. But no matter the fad diet of the moment, vegetables, fruits, whole grains, healthy fats and lean protein foods will always prevail.

A Healthy Eating Pattern

Rather than eating an exclusively low-fat or low-sugar diet, focus on your overall eating pattern. One meal does not make or break one's health; rather, it's what people do most of the time that has a significant impact. Eat more vegetables, fruits, whole grains, beans, seafood and nuts. Meanwhile, eat less red and processed meats, sweetened drinks, desserts and refined grains.

Vegetables and fruits should take up the most space when filling your plate (roughly half). Fill the remainder with whole grains and lean protein foods. While not every plate requires each food group, pairing at least two or three different foods will increase your satisfaction and deliver more nutrients. And don't forget to pay attention to your body's hunger and fullness signals.

The Skinny on Fat

The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americansemphasizes oils rich in monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids as part of a healthy eating pattern, and recommends limiting saturated and transfats. Choosing the right kinds of fats, including those from fatty fish such as salmon, vegetable oils, nuts and seeds is especially important.

5 Tips for Making Good Decisions about Fat

• Try grilled, steamed or baked salmon, trout or mackerel instead of fried or breaded fish.
• Vary your protein choices by eating more seafood and legumes (including soyfoods, beans and lentils).
• Choose lean cuts of meat and remove visible fat. Remove skin and fat from poultry.
• Choose low-fat or fat-free dairy products or calcium-fortified plant-based alternatives. 
• Top salads with nuts or seeds instead of croutons. Use oil-based salad dressings instead of cream-based dressings.

The Skinny on Sugar

The average American consumes more than 13 percent of daily calories from added sugars — yet the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americansrecommend limiting added sugars to less than 10 percent of daily calories. By going above 10 percent, it's difficult to maintain an overall healthy eating pattern. Added sugars can be found in foods such as sugar-sweetened beverages and refined grain snacks and desserts. Naturally occurring sugars in foods such as fruit and milk are not added sugars.

3 Tips for Reducing Added Sugar

• Re-think sweets: Save sugary desserts for special occasions.
• Instead of a post-dinner dessert, close out a family mealtime with a cup of decaf coffee or herbal tea — but enjoy it without added sweeteners or cream.
• Switch from sweetened yogurt with added fruit to plain low-fat yogurt. Then, add fresh fruit for a nutritious, naturally sweet mid-morning snack. Fruit and low-fat dairy contain natural sugars that provide nutrients that promote health.

Your Personalized Healthy Eating Pattern

For more help developing a personalized healthy eating pattern that includes appropriate amounts of healthy fats and sugars, contact a registered dietitian nutritionist.

-By Penelope Clark, MS, RDN, CDN, who is a nutrition communications consultant in New York City and president of Connect Nutrition Group.

Importance of Building Bye Laws

Starting the Construction of a building, however big or small, has always been associated with a big set of Questions. Among the many questions that crosses one’s mind the most important question is, how to design and what things one should keep in mind while designing? Different people have different design requirements. The design used by one may effect other people living in the vicinity. If it effects adversely, one of the many conditions that will result from this will be frequent brawls and fights with the neighbors and the locality members. There should be some standards on which building designs can be based. Keeping this need of standardization in mind there was a need to formulate certain rules and regulations that one should follow while constructing a building. Therefore, some rules and regulations were formed by government to regulate the construction of the buildings known as Building by laws or Building Regulation.

Building Bye laws are the rules and regulations set forth by the concerned government authorities and updated time to time. These regulations guides us about what to construct, how and where. All the government and non government authorities work according to the building by laws applicable in there locale. Any building plan submitted to the authorities which does not adhere to the building by laws of the authority concerned is not passed. Compliance to them is mandatory by law whereas non compliance is punishable. As these rules and regulations apply to all,it helps to bring about a more uniform development.The Building by law document may be a very lengthy document to read but it is worth reading to avoid future problems arising out of non compliance.

The Building By laws should be followed strictly by any person or organization who plans to construct a building. Building by laws help in making a planned Development. Apart from individual plot or land owners, buyers of under construction property as well as constructed property should have a thorough knowledge of the building by laws applicable in that region. This will help the buyers question the Construction of structures by the developer. For Residential building or Group housing buildings the rules entail details such as width of a setback, percentage of Greens, Built up percentage, distance between two buildings, height of buildings, mandatory services requirements, distance from high tension electrical lines and many more.As the building is to be sold to the end users eventually therefore the end users should take interest in gaining knowledge about building plans and mandatory construction practices also. This additional knowledge will prevent the Apartment owners from any non compliance action by the government Authorities later on. These building Regulations or building by laws are available at any concerned authority office of that locality and can be downloaded from their respective websites.

Building by laws may contain regulations related to

1.FA.R and Ground Coverage.

2.Density.

3.Setbacks and Projections.

4.Basements and Parking Spaces.

5.Well and well type structures.

6.Area and area usages.

7.Atrium and ornamental structures.

8. Building height and other Service Spaces.

9. Site Design and service design( sewerage ,water and electrical design)

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The government in Bihar has approved the new building bylaws according to which there will be no bar on the height of houses built on 40 ft wide new roads and 30 ft wide old roads. The rules have been formulated for the management of building construction activities in the State. The new bylaws also call for an instant approval of a map to carry out construction on a plot measuring 300 sq m, having a building height of up to 10 m.

Deputy CM, Sushil Kumar Modi, shared that the State cabinet will approve the new bylaws by the end of this month and the blueprints of the buildings will be authorised through an online single-window system. Suggestions and approvals of a few departments and the opinion of builders have been considered before drafting the new building bylaws. These bylaws will benefit the builders and investors alike.

The new laws have increased the parking and open space areas from the existing 25-35 per cent to 50 per cent. Specific provisions have been made to boost construction on government and municipal lands for affordable housing under the public-private partnership method.

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