Geog:India-The Southern Plateaus

401.~river divides the plateau into two parts, named~ in north n ~ in
south@narmada,Central Highlands, Deccan Plateau
402.~falls in ~ state are the highest water falls in India@Jog, karnataka
403.shape of s platu is~@triangular
404.sp stretches ~ km n-s & ~km e-w@1600,1400
405.surface of sp is~ n ~@rocky, uneven
406.sp r surr by ~~on all sides, namely ~in nw,~in ne,~~n~~in e n w
resp@hill ranges,aravalli,rajmahal,eghat,wghat
407.

--
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Part I: World Geography I Introduction II Branches of Geography
2.1 Physical Geography D4
2.2 Human Geography D4


D3 D3

2.3 Economic Geography D4
III Origin of the Earth
3.1 Nature of the Matter Forming the Earth D5
3.2 Geological History of the Earth 06


D5


xxvi Contents
•

IV The Earth and Its Position in the
Solar System D7
4.1 So!ar Syster-, D7
4.2 The S^aoe a-^d Size of the Earth D8
4.3 Locat or on Eath Surface and Latitude and Longituce 08
4.4 Some Important Parallels and Meridians D9
4.5 Great Circles and Small Circles 09
4.6 Motions of the Earth and Their Effects 09
4.7 Inclination of the Earth's Axis and its Effect D9
4.8 Local and Standard Time and the International Date Line Dl I
4.9 The Solar and the Sidereal Time D/2
4.10 Calendar D/2
4.11 The Earth and the Moon DI3
4.12 Eclipses and Phases of the Moon D/3
4.13 Moon and Tides 01S
V The Atmosphere DI6
5.1 Structure of the Atmosphere 016
5.2 Composition of the Atmosphere D/7
5.3 Aurora and Magnetic Storms 018
5.4 Weather and Climate DI8
5.5 Insolation and Heat Budget DI9
5.6 Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming D20
5.7 Distribution of Temperature D2I
5.8 Inversion of Temperature D23
5.9 Thermal Anomaly DZ3
5.10 Range of Temperature D24
5.11 Mean Thermal Equator 024
5.12 Pressure D24
5.13 Pressure and Winds D26
5.14 Planetary Winds D27
5.15 Seasonal and Local Winds D28
5.16 Direction and Velocity of Winds D30
5.17 The Jet Stream D3i
5.18 States of Water and Heat Exchange 03/
5.19 Humidity D31
5.20 Vapour Pressure D32
5.21 Dew Point and Condensation D32
5.22 Clouds D32
5.23 Dew and Frost D33
5.24 Fog, Smog, Mist and Haze D33
5.25 Precipitation D33
5.26 Distribution of Rainfall D35
5.27 Rain-shadow D36
5.28 Air Masses and Fronts D36
5.29 Cyclones and Anticyclones D37
D42
5.30 Types of Climate D39
5.31 Hydrological Cycle and Global Water Balance D4 /
5.32 Ground Water and Water Table 041
5.33 Sources of Ground Water D42
VI The Hydrosphere
6.1 Oceans of the World D43
6.2 Configuration of Ocean Floor D44
6.3 Salinity D45
6.4 Distribution of Salinity D45
6.5 Temperature of Oceans D46
6.6 Waves and Currents D46
6.7 Marine Resources D48
VII The lithosphere D49
7.1 Interior Structure of the Earth 049
7.2 Materials of the Earth's Crust-Rocks and Minerals D50
7.3 Classification of Rocks D5I
7.4 Landforms DS2
7.5 Landforms of the First Order— Oceans and Continents 052
7.6 Sea Floor Spreadin D53
7.7 Landforms of the Second Order DS4
7.8 Forces and Processes Affecting the Earths Crust D55
7.9 Internal Forces and Their Impact 055
7.10 Volcanic Activity D55
7.11 Distribution of Volcanoes D57
7.12 Diastrophic Forces and Earth Movements 058
7.1 3 Folding and Warping 058
7.14 Faulting D59
7.15 Earthquakes 059
7.16 Isostacy D60
7.17 External Forces and their Impact 061
7.18 Weathering 06/
7.19 Erosion 062
7.20 Cycle of Erosion 066
7.21 Soils 068
7.22 Classification and Distribution of World Soils 069
7.23 The Soil Taxonomy used by
US Soil Conservation Service D 7 /
VIII Human Geography D73
8.1 World Population 073
8.2 Distribution of Population D73
8.3 Density of Population 074
8.4 Population Structure D75


8.5 Population and Resources 075
8.6 Population Problems of Under¬developed and Advanced Countries 076
8.7 Races and Tribes 076
8.8 Migration D77
8.9 Causes and Consequences of Migration D77
8.10 Types of Migration D77
8.1 I Settlement D78
8.12 Classification of Settlements 078 8.1 3 Distribution, Size and Pattern of Settlements D79
IX Economic Geography D80
9.1 Economic Activities D80
9.2 Resources-—Concept and Their Classification 08/
9.3 World Agriculture 08/
9.4 Farming Organisation and Farming Systems D82
9.5 Types of Cultivation 082
9.6 Intensive and Extensive Farming D83
9.7 Agricultural Typology D83
9.8 Chief Agricultural Products and the Chief Producers D85
9.9 Animal Rearing and Animal Products D87
9.10 Forestry and Forest Products 088
9.11 Deforestation and Conservation of Forests 089
9.12 Important Minerals and Power Resources and Leading Producers 089
9.1 3 Chief Industrial Products and Leading Producers 09/
9.14 Major Products of Various Natural Regions 092
9.15 Some Important Boundary Lines 094
9.16 Important Cities and What They are Famous for D94
9.1 7 Important Names Changed 095
X Glossary of Geographical Terms D95
''art 2: Indian Geography
I Introduction DI04
1.1 Location D/04
1.2 Area and Boundaries D/04
1.3 Administrative Divisions D/04
1.4 Geology D/04
II Physiography DI05
2.1 Himalayas D/05
2.2 Major Ranges of Himalayas di06

2.3 Regional Divisions of Himalayas 0 / 06
2.4 The Plains of India D/07
2.5 Peninsular Plateau D/07
2.6 Islands of India D/08
III Drainage DI08
Dl 10
duo
3.1 Himalayan Rivers D/08
3.2 Rivers of Peninsular India Flowing into the Bay of Bengal D/09
3.3 West-flowing Rivers of the Peninsular Region D i 09
3.4 Differences Between the Himalayan and the Peninsular Rivers Dl 10
3.5 Drainage of Thar Desert Region Dl 10

1 The Monsoon and Its Mechanism
2 The Seasons Dill
3 importance of Monsoon 0/12
4 Climatic Regions Dl 12
5 Floods and Droughts Dl 13
IV Climate
Dl 14
V Soils
5.1 Important Types D//4
5.2 Soil Erosion and Conservation
Dl IS
VI Natural Vegetation, Plant and
Animal Life Dl 15
6.1 Major Types D//5
6.2 Extent of Forest in India D//6
6.3 Forestry and Conservation of Forests D//6
6.4 Wild Life DII8
6.5 Wildlife Conservation D//8 .
6.6 Biosphere Reserves D/20
VII Agriculture DI20
7.1 Crop Groups DI20
7.2 Types of Cultivation D / 2 /
7.3 Cropping and Land use Pattern 0/2/
7.4 Fertility and Productivity 0/2/
7.5 Agricultural Infrastructure 0/2/
7.6 Agricultural Regions 0/22
7.7 Important Crops 0/23
7.8 Crop Diseases 0/25
7.9 Animal Husbandry D/25
7.10 Fishing D/27
VIII Irrigation and Power D128
8.1 Means of Irrigation D/28
8.2 Irrigation and Power Projects D 2-
IX Mineral Resources D130
9.1 Classification and Distribut o- ~: Minerals DI30


■
i

X Industries DI32
10.1 Important Factories I Plants DI34
XI Transport and Communications DI35
II. I Transport DI35
11.2 Communications D/40
DI43
XII Foreign Trade
DI43
12.1 Important Features of India's Export Trade D/43
XIII Social Aspects
13.1 Population DI43
13.2 Density DI43
13.3 Sex Ratio DI43
13.4 Literacy DI44

13.5 Trend of Growth DI44
13.6 Languages DI44
13.7 Religions DI44
13.8 Racial Groups D/44
13.9 Tribal Groups D/45
XIV Settlements
14.1 Types of Settlements D146
14.2 Urbanisation in India D/46
14.3 Census Definition of Urban Settlements D/47
MulUplie Choice Questions D / 6 / Answers D / 9 / Explanatory Notes D / 93








DI46

Math:

math

GK:

gk

Chem:

I Introduction A287
I. I Branches of Chemistry A287
1.2 The Importance of Chemistry A2S7
A288
II Matter and Its Nature
2.1 Classification A288
2.2 Composition of Earth A288
2.3 Elements A289
2 4 Compounds A289 2 5 Some Important Elements and Compounds A289
2.6 Matures A290
2.7 Avogadro's Hypothesis and Mole Concept A29/
A29I
III Kinetic Theory of Matter
IV Chemical Reactions and the
Chemical Equations A292
4.1 Balanc.ng Chemical Equations A292
4.2 Rate of Reaction A292
4.3 Energy Changes in Reactions A292
V Structure of the Atom A292
5.1 Dalton's Atomic Theory A292
5.2 Thomson's Atomic Model A293
5.3 Rutherford's Atomic Model A293
5.4 Modern Atomic Theory A293
5.5 Isotopes and Isobars A294
VI Periodic Table of Elements A294
6.1 Periodic Trends ;n Properties A294
VII Chemical Bonding A295
7.1 Theories of Chemical Bonding A295
VIII Oxidation and Reduction A297
IX Oxygen and Air A297
9.1 Composition of Air A297
9.2 Air and Life A297
9.3 Respiration (Inhaled and Exhaled Air) A298
X Hydrogen and Water A298
10.1 Hydrogen A298
10.2 Isotopes of Hydrogen A298
10.3 Solubility and Solutions A299
10.4 Osmosis A299
10.5 Molar and Normal Solutions A299
10.6 Formality A299
10.7 Molality(m) A299
10.8 Mole Fraction A299
XI Carbon and Its Compounds A299
I I. I Allotropes of Carbon A300 I 1.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO) A300 I 1.3 Carbon Dioxide and the
Environment A300 I 1.4 Carbon Cycle in Nature and
Photosynthesis A300
11.5 Fuels A30I
11.6 Rocket Fuels A30I
11.7 Hydrocarbons A30I
XII Nitrogen and Its Compounds A302
12.1 Ammonia A302
12.2 Nitrogen Cycle A302
XIII Acids, Bases and Salts A303
13.1 Acids A303
13.2 Bases A303
13.3 Theories of Acids and Bases A303
13.4 Salts A303
13.5 pH A303


XIV Occurrence of Metals A304
14.1 Properties of Metals A304
14.2 Extraction of Metals A305
XV Petroleum and Natural Gas A306
15 1 Uses of Various Fractions A306
15.2 Other Fractions A307
A307
XVI Iron and Stee!
i 6.1 Rusting of iron A307 16.2 Cement and Glass A307
XVII Colloids, Micelles and Nanotechnoiogy A307 !
17,1 Colloids and Colloidal State A307 j
i 7.2 Micelles—Associated Colloids A308 \
17.3 Emulsions A308 \
17.4 Gels A309 j
17.5 Applications of Colloids A309 !
17.6 Advanced Materials, Nanoscience I and Nanotechnoiogy A309
A310
XVIII Agricultural Chemistry
A3II
18.1 Chemical Control A310
18.2 Fertilizers A311
XIX Medicinal Chemistry
19.1 Diseases A311
19.2 Drugs A311
19.3 Common Drugs A313
XX Food Chemistry A314
20.1 Food Additives A314
20.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Beverages and Tobacco A314
XXI Biochemistry and Life Processes A314
21.1 Chemical Basis of Life A315
21.2 Biological Role of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium A316
21.3 Buffers A316
XXH Polymers and Plastics A317
22.1 Polymers A317
22.2 Plastics A317
22.3 Applications A317
22.4 Rubber A317
22.5 Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) A317
22.6 Petrochemicals A317
XXIII Electrochemistry A317
23.1 Electrolysis A318
23.2 Characteristics of Electrolysis A318
23.3 Applications of Electrolysis A318
XXIV Dyes A319
XXV Biotechnology A319
25.1 Introduction A319
25.2 Applications of Biotechnology A319
25.3 Fermentation Biotechnology A32I
XXVI International Symbols for Units A32I
26.1 The CGS System or cm-g-s A321
26.2 The MKSA System or m-kg-s-A A32/
26.3 The Degree Kelvin A322
26.4 International Systems of Units (Si-Units) A322
26.5 The Mole A322
XXVII Carbohydrates A322
27.1 Sugars A322
27.2 Polysaccharides A323
XXVIII Proteins and Nucleic Acids A324
28.1 Acidic and Basic Amino Acids A324
28.2 Amino Acids as Dipolar Ions A324
28.3 Peptides A324
28.4 Proteins A324
28.5 Structure of Proteins A32S
A325
XXIX Nucleoproteins and Nucleic Acids
A325
29.1 The Genetic Code A325
XXX Important Bioactive Compounds
30.1 Alkaloids A32S
30.2 Terpenoids A325
30.3 Steroids A326
30.4 Carotenoids A326
30.5 Tannins AJ26
30.6 Lignans A326
30.7 Flavonoids A326
30.8 Cynogenesis and Cynogenic Glycosides A326 Coumarins A326
A326
30.9
XXXI Fats
31.1
A327
Soaps
A327
XXXII Important Laws Governing Gases.
Liquids and Solutions
A329 A329
32.1 Gases A327
32.2 Colligative Preset as -J2 7

XXXIII Bioterrorism
XXXIV Thermodynamics

34.1 Thermodynamic Systems A329
34.2 Thermodynamic Processes A330


34.3 The Law of T^e'—x>o-a-cs -330
34.4 Thermodya.-: =:*£~a- -JJT
XXXV Important Concepts and Topics A13C

Glossary A334
Multiple-Choice Questions A343 Answers A363

Phy:

I Physical Quantities, Standards and Units

1.1 Unit of Length
1.2 Unit of Mass
1.3 Unit of Time


II Mechanics and Properties of Matter

2.1 Motion
2.2 Force
2.3 Newton's Laws of Motion
2.4 Impulse
2.5 Work, Power and Energy
2.6 Moment of a Force
2.7 Centre of Gravity
2.8 Machines
2.9 Artificial Satellites
2.10 Density and Relative Density
2.11 Pressure
2.12 Upthrust
2.13 Hydrometer
2.14 Matter and its Properties
2.15 Motion of Fluids—Bernoullis Theorem

III Heat

3.1 Internal Energy
3.2 Thermal Expansion
3.3 Transmission of Heat
3.4 Quantity of Heat
3.5 Change of State
3.6 Relative Humidity
3.7 Air Conditioning
3.8 Pressure Cooker

IV Wave Motion

V Electromagnetic Radiation

5.1 Radio and Television Transmission
5.2 Radar
5.3 Microwave Oven

VI Light

6.1 Rectilinear Propagation, Shadows and Eclipses
6.2 Reflection
6.3 Refraction
6.4 Total Internal Reflection
6.5 Dispersion
6.6 Colour of Objects
6.7 Lenses
6.8 Eye
6.9 Optical Instruments
6.10 Scattering of Light
6.1l Interference of Light
6.12 Diffraction of Light

VII Sound

7.1 Sound Characteristics
7.2 The Speed of Sound
7.3 Reflection of Sound, Echo
7.4 Ultrasonics
7.5 Bats and Ultrasound
7.6 Refraction of Sound
7.7 Resonance
7.8 Doppler Effect
7.9 Sonic Boom

VIII Magnetism

8.1 Earth's Magnetism

IX Static Electricity

9.1 Electricity by Friction
9.2 Insulators, Conductors, Superconductors and Semiconductors
X Current Electricity
10.1 Effects of Electric Current
10.2 Power Generation and Transmission
10.3 Domestic Electric Installation
10.4 Electric Light
10.5 Some Electronic Devices

XI Atomic Physics

11.1 Atomic Structure
11.2 Emission of Radiation

XII Nuclear Physics

12.1 Radioactivity
12.2 Nuclear Energy
12.3 Fundamental Particles
12.4 Fundamental Interaction

XIII Astronomy and Space Science

13.1 Celestial Bodies
13.2 Solar System
13.3 Important Types of Satellites
13.4 Space Probes

XIV Computers and Internet
14.1 Computers—Introduction
14.2 Representation of Information Inside Computers
14.3 The Basic Component of the Computer: The Flip-flop
14.4 Mathematical Operations Using Computers
14.5 Logical Operations Using Computers
14.6 Computer Architecture
14.7 Programs
14.8 Software
14.9 Uses of Computers
14.10 Internet—Introduction
14.11 Internet—The Concept
14.12 Network Protocol
14.13 IP Addresses: Unique Internet
Addresses for Computers
14.14 Client-Server Model
14.15 Services Rendered over the Internet
14.16 Interactive Webpages

His:

INDIAN HISTORY



i hmmfcuumi B3
It reh&tooc Penoc! B3

c Age c- _irs i~r>-t£ -s^e 53
2.3 \eo tic or t^e \e.-. Sic"* i§e 5-*
2.4 Chatcolitnic Se~ e~-r~ 5-*
III Harappan Civilization (2700-1700 BC) B4
3.1 Origin Evoiutic" 5-
3.2 The Extent S5
3.3 Important Centres 55
3.4 Major Charactenst cs 55
3.5 Decline 87
IV South India B8
V Iron Age B8
VI TheVedicAge B8
6.1 The'Aryan'Problem 69
6.2 Early Vedic Society 89
6.3 The Later Vedic Period 8 / 2
6.4 Smriti Literature 8/6
6.5 Epics 8/6
VII Sixth Century BC to Fourth
Century BC BI7
7.1 Sources of Information 8/7
7.2 Emergence of New Social Groups 8/7
7.3 Polity 6/8
7.4 Emergence of Mahajanapadas 8/8
7.5 RiseofMagadh 8/9
7.6 Persian Invasion 820
7.7 Alexander's Invasion 820
7.8 Milieu of Religious Movements 820
VIII The Mauryas (321-185 BC) B24
8.1 Source Material 624
8.2 The Mauryan Conquests 824
8.3 Material Basis of the Mauryan Empire 824
8.4 Land Revenue 825
8.5 The Urban Economy 826

8.6 Society and Religion 827
8.7 Ashoka's Policy of Dhamma 828
8.8 Mauryan Administration 829
8.9 Relations with Other Powers 63/
8.10 The Downfall of the Mauryan Empire 83/
8.1 I Mauryan Art 632
IX India After the Mauryas (200 BC-AD 100) B32
9.1 Sources 832
9 2 The Sungas (i 85-74 BC) 633
9.3 Local Powers 833
9.4 North-western India 633
9.5 Impact of Central Asian Contacts 835
9.6 The Deccan 835
9.7 Sculptural Art 836
9.8 The Beginning of Hinduism 838
9.9 Buddhism 839
9.10 jainism 839
9.11 Craft, Trade and Towns 840
9.12 South lndia--The Sangam Age B41
X The Age of the Guptas B42
10.! Political Background B43
10.2 Chandragupta I 843
10.3 Samudragupta (AD 335-376) 643
10.4 Chandragupta II (AD 376-415) 843
10.5 Gupta Administration B44
10.6 Revenue Administration 844
10.7 Trade and Towns 844
10.8 Society 645
10.9 Art and Arcitecture 847
10.10 Literature 849
10.11 Science and Astronomy 849
XI The Age of Smaller Kingdoms B49
XII Harshavardhan (AD 606-647) B50
XIII The Post Harsha Period B50
13.1 North India 650
13.2 The Deccan andtheSouth
13.3 Administration 852
13.4 Art and Architecture 652
13.5 TheCholas 855


XIV Transfc mation of the Ancient Phase
(AD 50 800) B56
14.1 E-:10my 656
14.2 T'-i Society 858
14.3 De.i oDtr'ents in Religion 859
XV Northern Inoia (750-1200) B60
15.1 Ong- z the Rajputs 860
15.2 Grovvf :'Regional Expression 86/
16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6
16.7 16.8 16.9
XVI The Delhi Sultanate (1200-1400) B6I
16.1 The Slave I. . .,5 (1206 1290) B6/
865 865
The Khilj.s 1-.J-1 320) 863 TheTughtacS.-=ns(!320-l4l4) 863
14-5!) 1526)
jf the
Sultanate 865
The Sayyid L>. - 3_ > The Lodi Suttar.s Causes of the Dc •■■ -Delhi Sultanate The Administration Economy B67 Sources of Revenue
XVII The Post-Sultanate Period B69
17.1 Smaller Kingdoms that Arose - :~e Post-Sultanate Period 869
XVIII The Age of Vijayanagar and the
Bahmanis(l336-I565) B7I
18.1 The Bahmani Kingdom 87/
18.2 Vijayanagar Empire 872
18.3 Economy B74
18.4 Architecture 874
XIX Source Material I B75
19.1 Slave Sultans 875
19.2 The Khilji Period 675
19.3 TheTughlaqs 675
XX Religion B75
20.1 The Sufi Movement 875
20.2 The Bhakti Movement 876
20.3 Kabir and Nanak B76
XXI Influences on Architecture,
Painting and Music B76
21.1 Architecture 676
21.2 Painting and Music 878
XXII TheMughals B78
22.1 Babar (1526-1530) 678
22.2 Humayun(!530--I540) 878
22.3 Akbar (1556-1605) 880
22.4 jahangir (1605-1627) 883

22.5 Shah Jahan (1628-1658) B83
22.6 Aurangzeb(l658~l707) 883
XXIII TheMarathas B83
23.! Shivaji 883
23.2 System of Government 885
23.3 Aurangzeb and Maratha Power 885
XXIV Decline of the Mughal Empire B87
24.1 Causes for the Decline 887
24.2 Source Material II 888
XXV Cultural Developments during
the Mughal Era B89
25 I Architecture 889
25.2 Painting 889
25.3 Music 890
25.4 Literature 890
XXV! The Europeans in India B9I
26.1 The Portuguese 89/
26.2 The Dutch 89/
26.3 The English 892
XXVII British Expansion in India B92
27.1 The Carnatic Wars 892
27.2 The British Conquest of Bengal 892
27.3 Extension of British Influence (1765-1792) 894
27.4 British Expansion From 1798-1809 895
XXVIII Consolidation of British Power
(1818-57) B95
28.! Burma 896
28.2 Afghanistan 896
28.3 Sindh 696
28.4 Punjab 896
25.2 Dalhousieandthe Policy of Annexation : 1848-56) B96
B96
896
XXIX British Policies and Administration
in India
29 3eve ooments in Britain and India 29.2 j,c z a System 8/00 29 3 Law and Order 8/02 29 4 A-my 8/03
29.5 Indian Civil Service 8/04
29.6 The Land Revenue System 8/05
29.7 Forest Laws 8/07
29.8 Trade and Industry 8/08
29.9 Legal Intervention in Socio-cultural Field 8/08


XXX Women's Movements and
Organisations B109
30.1 Government Intervention in Women's Issues Bl 10
XXXi Modern Education Bl 12
31.1 First Institutions Bl 12
31.2 Educational Policy 61/2
XXXII Social and Cultural Awakening in
the First Half of the 19th Century B112
32.1 Rammohun Roy and the Brahmo Samaj B//2
32.2 Young Bengal Movement BII3
32.3 Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar BII3
XXXIII The Revolt of 1857 and its
Consequences B117
33.1 Causes Bl 17
33.2 The Revolt Bl 17
33.3 Reasons for Failure B//7
XXXIV Reorganisation of the British Empire
in India Bl 17
34.1 Indian Councils Act of 1861 BII8
34.2 Changes in the Army Bl 18
34.3 British Policy Towards Princely
States S ' .-' 3
XXXV The Economic Impact of British Rule Bl 19
35.1 impoverishment of the Peasantry Bl 19
35.2 Ruin of Artisans and Craftsmen B//9
35.3 Development of Transport and
Trade 8 i / 9
35.4 Development of Modern Industries
Up To 1947 Bl 19
BI20
XXXVI Social and Religious Reform
Movements in the Later Half
of the 19th Century
8/2/
36.1 Arya Samaj BI20
36.2 Ramakrishna and Vivekananda
36.3 Theosophical Society BI2I
36.4 Sayyid Ahmad Khan and the Aligarh School B/22
36.5 Sociai Reform B/22
36.6 Cultural Awakening B/22
Chronology of Principal Events BI23
References Bl 26
Muitilple-Choice Questions BI27
Answers B/77



Section C


THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT



I Rise of Indian Nationalism C3
I. I Emergence of a National Consciousness C3
I Pre-Congress Nationalist Organisations C4
■ The Indian National Congress (INC)
(1MS-I905) C5

li Formation of INC C5 11 *«mn Leaders of INC C5 M3 C^pn—Earty Demands C6
C6
C7
C6
C7
€3»
zn
VII Rise o'R=-ou
ct
oat
VIII Surat Split of 1907 CI2
IX Indian Councils Act of 1909 C13
X The Muslim League CI4
XI First World War and Indian Politics C15
Revolutionary Activities CIS I I 2 Lucknow Pact of 1916 CIS '1.3 Home Rule League CI6
XIS Emergence of Gandhi CI7
12.1 Champaran CI 8
12.2 Kheda CIS
12.3 Ahmedabad CI 8
XIII RowlattAct CI9
13.1 Jallianwala Bagh Incident CI9
XIV The Non-cooperation Movement
(1920-22) C24
! 4.1 No-Changers and Swarajists C26 4.2 Communaiism C26 ' *■ 3 Peasant Movements C27


C27
XV Emergence of Communists
C28 C29
C30
€30
C3I
! 5.1 Industrial Unrest and the Communists €28
XVI Subhash Chandra Bose and
Jawaharlal Nehru
XVI! Simon Commission and Nehru Report
1 7.1 Simof, Boycott €30
XVIII Revolutionary Terrorism
18.1 Hindustan Socialist Republican Army
XIX Peasant Movements
19.1 Punjab €31
19.2 Bihar €3i
19.3 South India €31
19.4 Gujarat and Maharashtra €31
XX Lahore Congress and Purna Swaraj C32
XXI Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-31) C32
XXII First Round Table Conference and
Gandhi-lrwin Pact C34
22.1 Karachi Session of the Congress, 193! €35
22.2 Truce Time €36

XXIII Second Round Table Conference C36
XXIV Civil Disobedience Resumed (1932-34) C37

24.1 Communal Award and Poona Pact €37
24.2 Untouchability: Different Perspectives €38
24.3 Return to Council Politics €38
XXV Growth of Socialist Forces C39
25! Lucknow and Faizpur €40
C4I C42 C42
25.2 Elections and Congress Ministries C41
XXVI Muslim League Tactics and
Growth of Communaiism
XXVII Gandhian Reforms
XXVIII State People's Movement
XXIX Caste Consciousness Related and
Movements C42
XXX Congress Crisis and Formation of
Forward Bloc C44
XXXI National Movement during
World War II C45
31.1 Congress Ministries Resign €45
31.2 Other Developments During the War Period €45
31.3 Jinnah's Two-Nation Theory €45
31.4 August Offer, 1940 C46
31.5 Economic Scene €46
3 1.6 New Phases of War €46 31.7 Cripps Mission C47
XXXII Quit India Movement C47
32.1 Advance of Muslim League C49
32.2 Left Alternative €49
XXXIII Indian National Army and Netaji C49
33.1 INA Trials €49
XXXIV Developments under Wavell C50
34.1 Wavell Plan and Simla Conference €50
XXXV Other Major Developments on
the Eve of Independence CSO
35.1 September 19 Announcement €50 35 2 The 1945-1946 Elections €50
35.3 Revolt of RIN Ratings €50
35.4 Cabinet Mission Plan €51
35.5 Direct Action Day and Interim Government C5 /
35.6 Constituent Assembly €52
35.7 Attlee's Announcement €52
35.8 Mountbatten Plan €52
XXXV! Independence and Partition
(1945-1947) C53
36.1 Partition €53
36.2 Integration of Princely States €53 Multiple €hoice Questions €54 Answers €73

Geo:

Geo

Biosciences: Botany and Zoology

I The Study of Life
1.1 Intrcc-ct-or A96
1.2 Branc-esof B.ology A97
1.3 Living a-.a tne Non-living AI0I
II Ce>—The Basic Unit of Life AIOI
I --:-3.->'o:cand Eukaryotic Cells A/02
II £-><; Animal Cells AI03 13 Z~ >.-&on A104
1 - • -_>ss—Tie Filterable Agents A / 06
1 i • i 37

AI07
III Classrncaocn of Living Organisms
Al 12
3 5 -z- i \c~^eoclature A/08
3.2 Cass */08
IV Organisation of the Living Body
4.1 O-g" - Pa.its A//2
4.2 P!aH;-£5-e< - .'2 4.3 Mc-"c cf. ;-'~eD'ant A//4 4.4 Orga->i: c- - A.--na-'s A//4
4.5 O-ga-s-; - i
V Nutrition
Al 16
5.1 Fooc—T"e ic_"6 c"'Energy AII6
5.2 Enzyr-.es -
5.3 Digest on .-,'
5.4 Nutnt,o",ai Rec_-e~ients Al 19
5.5 Energy Reqjire~e"is A/20
5.6 Plant Nutrition -'20
5.7 Mineral Nun:.c-of Plants A/20
5.8 Photosynthes.s ~/2/
VI Respiration A122
6.1 Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration A/22
6.2 Respiration r Plants A/22
6.3 Respiration—Gaseous Exchange and Energy Production AI23
6.4 Respiratory Media AI23
6.5 Breathing Organs in Man A/23
6.6 The Breathing Mechanism AI24
6.7 Gaseous Exchange and Transport AI24
6.8 Cellular Respiration—An Energy-yielding Process A 124
VII The Transport System A124
7.1 Transport in Animals A124
7.2 Speaking of the Heart A124
7.3 Transport in Plants A126
VIII Excretion of Metabolic Wastes AI26
8.1 Nephron—The Structure and Functional Unit of Kidney A / 26
8.2 Urine Formation A/26
8.3 Acid-base Balance—The Kidneys as Blood pH Regulators A / 2 7


8.4 Kidney Diseases AI27
8.5 The Skin—Its Structure and Functions of Excretion and Temperature Regulation A127
IX Biocommunication A129
9.1 Nervous System .A/29 j
9.2 Nerve Impulse vsStimulus AI29 I
9.3 Physiology of Conduction of j Nerve Impulse A/29
9.4 Saltatory Nerve Conduction AI3Q
9.5 Transmission on Impulse Across
the Synapse A130 j
9.6 Neuromuscular Transmission AI3! \
9.7 The Endocrine System A132 |
i
X Muscle Movement (Contraction) A132
10.1 Ultrastructure of Skeletal Muscie ; Fibre A132 I
10.2 Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle [ Contraction A135 i
!
XI Skeletal System A135
I I.I Functions A135
11.2 Types of Bones A135
11.3 Divisions of the Skeletal System A135
11.4 Bone Movement and the Joints A(37
11.5 Clinical Application A/37
XII Reproduction—Perpetuation of |
the Species A138 |
12.1 Asexual Reproduction AI38 \
12.2 Sexual Reproduction A/38 j
12.3 Parthenogenesis in Animals A140
12.4 Reproduction in Plants AI4I
12.5 Parthenogenesis in Plants A142 j
Xill Plant Growth and Development AI42 j
13.1 Patterns of Growth A143
13.2 Control of Growth and Development A143
13.3 Growth and Turgor Movements in Plants A145
X!V Genetics—The Science of Heredity AI45
14.1 Gregor Mendel—Father of Genetics A145 |
14.2 Genotype and Phenotype A145 \ 14 3 Sex Chromosomes Ai 46

14.4 Sex-linked Inheritance A146
14.5 Man—The Heterogametic Sex A/46 J
14.6 Birds and Bees Don't Follow Man in Sex A146
14.7 The Gene A146 I

14.8 Linkage, Crossing Over, and Recombination of Genes A/47
14.9 Mutation A147
14.10 Blood Group Inheritance A/47
14.11 Rh Factor AI49
14.12 Molecular Biology of the Gene AI50
14.1 3 Jumping Genes A153
14.14 Genetic Engineering A154
14.15 Genes and Cancer A156
14.16 DNA Finger Printing A/56
14.17 Cloning Individuals AI56
14.18 Human Genome Project A/57
XV Plant Diseases A158
15.1 Diseases and their Causative Agents A158
XVI Human Diseases and Defense
Mechanism A159
16.1 Human Diseases A/59
16.2 Communicable or Infectious Diseases A/60
16.3 Non-communicable or Non-infectious or Degenerative Diseases A / 64
16.4 Deficiency Diseases A / 65
16.5 Allergies A166
16.6 Cancer A166
16.7 Human Defense Mechanism A/66
XVII Environmental Biology—Organisms in
Relation to their Surroundings AI70
17.1 Ecology A170
17.2 Ecosystem AI 70
17.3 Food Chains and Food Webs AI71
17.4 The Physical Environment A171
17.5 Biomes AI 71
17.6 Environmental Types AI 72
17.7 Man and Environmental Pollution A/72
17.8 The Natural Ozone Layer A / 76
17.9 Ozone Destruction by Chloroflourocarbons A177
17.10 The Ozone Hole A/77
XVIII Origin and Evolution of Life AI77
18.1 Theory of Special Creation A/77
18.2 Theory of Spontaneous Generation A/7S
18.3 Chemosynthetic Origin of Life AI 78
18.4 Evolution of Life AI78
18.5 Evidences for Evolution A179
18.6 Evolution of Man A180


XJX Drug Abuse and Ateohoism

XX
AI8I
A182
Husbandry
Zsrre AI82
S haloes A186
Goats A186
Sheep A190
20.6 20.7 20.8 20.9
Pigs A196
Camels A198
Poultry A199
Cross Breeding A20I
Artificial Insemination (A.I.) A20/
20.10 Animal Diseases A202
XXI Plants and Human Welfare A204
21.1 Introduction A204
21.2 Food Plants A204
21.3 Spices and Condiments A2IS
21.4 Fibre Plants A2I6
21.5 Beverage Plants A218
21.6 Masticatory and Fumitory Plants A2I9
21.7 Medicinal Plants A220
21.8 Bioinsecticides A221 Glossary A 222
Multiple-Choice Questions A228 Answers A282