Chem:

I Introduction A287
I. I Branches of Chemistry A287
1.2 The Importance of Chemistry A2S7
A288
II Matter and Its Nature
2.1 Classification A288
2.2 Composition of Earth A288
2.3 Elements A289
2 4 Compounds A289 2 5 Some Important Elements and Compounds A289
2.6 Matures A290
2.7 Avogadro's Hypothesis and Mole Concept A29/
A29I
III Kinetic Theory of Matter
IV Chemical Reactions and the
Chemical Equations A292
4.1 Balanc.ng Chemical Equations A292
4.2 Rate of Reaction A292
4.3 Energy Changes in Reactions A292
V Structure of the Atom A292
5.1 Dalton's Atomic Theory A292
5.2 Thomson's Atomic Model A293
5.3 Rutherford's Atomic Model A293
5.4 Modern Atomic Theory A293
5.5 Isotopes and Isobars A294
VI Periodic Table of Elements A294
6.1 Periodic Trends ;n Properties A294
VII Chemical Bonding A295
7.1 Theories of Chemical Bonding A295
VIII Oxidation and Reduction A297
IX Oxygen and Air A297
9.1 Composition of Air A297
9.2 Air and Life A297
9.3 Respiration (Inhaled and Exhaled Air) A298
X Hydrogen and Water A298
10.1 Hydrogen A298
10.2 Isotopes of Hydrogen A298
10.3 Solubility and Solutions A299
10.4 Osmosis A299
10.5 Molar and Normal Solutions A299
10.6 Formality A299
10.7 Molality(m) A299
10.8 Mole Fraction A299
XI Carbon and Its Compounds A299
I I. I Allotropes of Carbon A300 I 1.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO) A300 I 1.3 Carbon Dioxide and the
Environment A300 I 1.4 Carbon Cycle in Nature and
Photosynthesis A300
11.5 Fuels A30I
11.6 Rocket Fuels A30I
11.7 Hydrocarbons A30I
XII Nitrogen and Its Compounds A302
12.1 Ammonia A302
12.2 Nitrogen Cycle A302
XIII Acids, Bases and Salts A303
13.1 Acids A303
13.2 Bases A303
13.3 Theories of Acids and Bases A303
13.4 Salts A303
13.5 pH A303


XIV Occurrence of Metals A304
14.1 Properties of Metals A304
14.2 Extraction of Metals A305
XV Petroleum and Natural Gas A306
15 1 Uses of Various Fractions A306
15.2 Other Fractions A307
A307
XVI Iron and Stee!
i 6.1 Rusting of iron A307 16.2 Cement and Glass A307
XVII Colloids, Micelles and Nanotechnoiogy A307 !
17,1 Colloids and Colloidal State A307 j
i 7.2 Micelles—Associated Colloids A308 \
17.3 Emulsions A308 \
17.4 Gels A309 j
17.5 Applications of Colloids A309 !
17.6 Advanced Materials, Nanoscience I and Nanotechnoiogy A309
A310
XVIII Agricultural Chemistry
A3II
18.1 Chemical Control A310
18.2 Fertilizers A311
XIX Medicinal Chemistry
19.1 Diseases A311
19.2 Drugs A311
19.3 Common Drugs A313
XX Food Chemistry A314
20.1 Food Additives A314
20.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Beverages and Tobacco A314
XXI Biochemistry and Life Processes A314
21.1 Chemical Basis of Life A315
21.2 Biological Role of Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium and Calcium A316
21.3 Buffers A316
XXH Polymers and Plastics A317
22.1 Polymers A317
22.2 Plastics A317
22.3 Applications A317
22.4 Rubber A317
22.5 Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) A317
22.6 Petrochemicals A317
XXIII Electrochemistry A317
23.1 Electrolysis A318
23.2 Characteristics of Electrolysis A318
23.3 Applications of Electrolysis A318
XXIV Dyes A319
XXV Biotechnology A319
25.1 Introduction A319
25.2 Applications of Biotechnology A319
25.3 Fermentation Biotechnology A32I
XXVI International Symbols for Units A32I
26.1 The CGS System or cm-g-s A321
26.2 The MKSA System or m-kg-s-A A32/
26.3 The Degree Kelvin A322
26.4 International Systems of Units (Si-Units) A322
26.5 The Mole A322
XXVII Carbohydrates A322
27.1 Sugars A322
27.2 Polysaccharides A323
XXVIII Proteins and Nucleic Acids A324
28.1 Acidic and Basic Amino Acids A324
28.2 Amino Acids as Dipolar Ions A324
28.3 Peptides A324
28.4 Proteins A324
28.5 Structure of Proteins A32S
A325
XXIX Nucleoproteins and Nucleic Acids
A325
29.1 The Genetic Code A325
XXX Important Bioactive Compounds
30.1 Alkaloids A32S
30.2 Terpenoids A325
30.3 Steroids A326
30.4 Carotenoids A326
30.5 Tannins AJ26
30.6 Lignans A326
30.7 Flavonoids A326
30.8 Cynogenesis and Cynogenic Glycosides A326 Coumarins A326
A326
30.9
XXXI Fats
31.1
A327
Soaps
A327
XXXII Important Laws Governing Gases.
Liquids and Solutions
A329 A329
32.1 Gases A327
32.2 Colligative Preset as -J2 7

XXXIII Bioterrorism
XXXIV Thermodynamics

34.1 Thermodynamic Systems A329
34.2 Thermodynamic Processes A330


34.3 The Law of T^e'—x>o-a-cs -330
34.4 Thermodya.-: =:*£~a- -JJT
XXXV Important Concepts and Topics A13C

Glossary A334
Multiple-Choice Questions A343 Answers A363