Biosciences: Botany and Zoology

I The Study of Life
1.1 Intrcc-ct-or A96
1.2 Branc-esof B.ology A97
1.3 Living a-.a tne Non-living AI0I
II Ce>—The Basic Unit of Life AIOI
I --:-3.->'o:cand Eukaryotic Cells A/02
II £-><; Animal Cells AI03 13 Z~ >.-&on A104
1 - • -_>ss—Tie Filterable Agents A / 06
1 i • i 37

AI07
III Classrncaocn of Living Organisms
Al 12
3 5 -z- i \c~^eoclature A/08
3.2 Cass */08
IV Organisation of the Living Body
4.1 O-g" - Pa.its A//2
4.2 P!aH;-£5-e< - .'2 4.3 Mc-"c cf. ;-'~eD'ant A//4 4.4 Orga->i: c- - A.--na-'s A//4
4.5 O-ga-s-; - i
V Nutrition
Al 16
5.1 Fooc—T"e ic_"6 c"'Energy AII6
5.2 Enzyr-.es -
5.3 Digest on .-,'
5.4 Nutnt,o",ai Rec_-e~ients Al 19
5.5 Energy Reqjire~e"is A/20
5.6 Plant Nutrition -'20
5.7 Mineral Nun:.c-of Plants A/20
5.8 Photosynthes.s ~/2/
VI Respiration A122
6.1 Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration A/22
6.2 Respiration r Plants A/22
6.3 Respiration—Gaseous Exchange and Energy Production AI23
6.4 Respiratory Media AI23
6.5 Breathing Organs in Man A/23
6.6 The Breathing Mechanism AI24
6.7 Gaseous Exchange and Transport AI24
6.8 Cellular Respiration—An Energy-yielding Process A 124
VII The Transport System A124
7.1 Transport in Animals A124
7.2 Speaking of the Heart A124
7.3 Transport in Plants A126
VIII Excretion of Metabolic Wastes AI26
8.1 Nephron—The Structure and Functional Unit of Kidney A / 26
8.2 Urine Formation A/26
8.3 Acid-base Balance—The Kidneys as Blood pH Regulators A / 2 7


8.4 Kidney Diseases AI27
8.5 The Skin—Its Structure and Functions of Excretion and Temperature Regulation A127
IX Biocommunication A129
9.1 Nervous System .A/29 j
9.2 Nerve Impulse vsStimulus AI29 I
9.3 Physiology of Conduction of j Nerve Impulse A/29
9.4 Saltatory Nerve Conduction AI3Q
9.5 Transmission on Impulse Across
the Synapse A130 j
9.6 Neuromuscular Transmission AI3! \
9.7 The Endocrine System A132 |
i
X Muscle Movement (Contraction) A132
10.1 Ultrastructure of Skeletal Muscie ; Fibre A132 I
10.2 Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle [ Contraction A135 i
!
XI Skeletal System A135
I I.I Functions A135
11.2 Types of Bones A135
11.3 Divisions of the Skeletal System A135
11.4 Bone Movement and the Joints A(37
11.5 Clinical Application A/37
XII Reproduction—Perpetuation of |
the Species A138 |
12.1 Asexual Reproduction AI38 \
12.2 Sexual Reproduction A/38 j
12.3 Parthenogenesis in Animals A140
12.4 Reproduction in Plants AI4I
12.5 Parthenogenesis in Plants A142 j
Xill Plant Growth and Development AI42 j
13.1 Patterns of Growth A143
13.2 Control of Growth and Development A143
13.3 Growth and Turgor Movements in Plants A145
X!V Genetics—The Science of Heredity AI45
14.1 Gregor Mendel—Father of Genetics A145 |
14.2 Genotype and Phenotype A145 \ 14 3 Sex Chromosomes Ai 46

14.4 Sex-linked Inheritance A146
14.5 Man—The Heterogametic Sex A/46 J
14.6 Birds and Bees Don't Follow Man in Sex A146
14.7 The Gene A146 I

14.8 Linkage, Crossing Over, and Recombination of Genes A/47
14.9 Mutation A147
14.10 Blood Group Inheritance A/47
14.11 Rh Factor AI49
14.12 Molecular Biology of the Gene AI50
14.1 3 Jumping Genes A153
14.14 Genetic Engineering A154
14.15 Genes and Cancer A156
14.16 DNA Finger Printing A/56
14.17 Cloning Individuals AI56
14.18 Human Genome Project A/57
XV Plant Diseases A158
15.1 Diseases and their Causative Agents A158
XVI Human Diseases and Defense
Mechanism A159
16.1 Human Diseases A/59
16.2 Communicable or Infectious Diseases A/60
16.3 Non-communicable or Non-infectious or Degenerative Diseases A / 64
16.4 Deficiency Diseases A / 65
16.5 Allergies A166
16.6 Cancer A166
16.7 Human Defense Mechanism A/66
XVII Environmental Biology—Organisms in
Relation to their Surroundings AI70
17.1 Ecology A170
17.2 Ecosystem AI 70
17.3 Food Chains and Food Webs AI71
17.4 The Physical Environment A171
17.5 Biomes AI 71
17.6 Environmental Types AI 72
17.7 Man and Environmental Pollution A/72
17.8 The Natural Ozone Layer A / 76
17.9 Ozone Destruction by Chloroflourocarbons A177
17.10 The Ozone Hole A/77
XVIII Origin and Evolution of Life AI77
18.1 Theory of Special Creation A/77
18.2 Theory of Spontaneous Generation A/7S
18.3 Chemosynthetic Origin of Life AI 78
18.4 Evolution of Life AI78
18.5 Evidences for Evolution A179
18.6 Evolution of Man A180


XJX Drug Abuse and Ateohoism

XX
AI8I
A182
Husbandry
Zsrre AI82
S haloes A186
Goats A186
Sheep A190
20.6 20.7 20.8 20.9
Pigs A196
Camels A198
Poultry A199
Cross Breeding A20I
Artificial Insemination (A.I.) A20/
20.10 Animal Diseases A202
XXI Plants and Human Welfare A204
21.1 Introduction A204
21.2 Food Plants A204
21.3 Spices and Condiments A2IS
21.4 Fibre Plants A2I6
21.5 Beverage Plants A218
21.6 Masticatory and Fumitory Plants A2I9
21.7 Medicinal Plants A220
21.8 Bioinsecticides A221 Glossary A 222
Multiple-Choice Questions A228 Answers A282